2. G. M. Sinclair and T. J. Dolan, "Effect of Stress Amplitude on Statistical Variability in Fatigue Life of 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy", Transactions of the ASME, July, 1953, pp. 867 - 872.
8. J. E. Spindel and E. Haibach, "Some Considerations in the Statistical Determination of the Shape of S-N Curves", Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data, R. E. Little and J. C. Ekvall (eds), ASTM Special Technical Publication 744, 1979, pp. 89 - 113.
10. S. S. Manson, "Avoidance, Control, and Repair of Fatigue Damage", Metal Fatigue Damage -- Mechanism, Detection, Avoidance, and Repair, S. S. Manson (ed.), ASTM Special Technical Publication 495, 1971. ==> needs page range nums
11. Handbook of Fatigue Testing, S. Roy Swanson (ed.), ASTM Special Technical Publication 566, 1974. ==> OK but check correct edition
12. R. E. Little, Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis of Fatigue Experiments, ASTM Special Technical Publication 588, 1975.
13. W. Hessler, H. Mllner, B. Weiss, H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Limits of Cu and Al up to 1010 Loading Cycles", Ultrasonic Fatigue, Joseph M. Wells et al (ed.), The Metallurgical Society of the AIME, Warrendale, Pa, 1982, pp. 245 - 263.
14. J. R. Barton and F. N. Kusenberger, "Fatigue Damage Detection", Metal Fatigue Damage -- Mechanism, Detection, Avoidance, and Repair, S. S. Manson (ed.), ASTM Special Technical Publication 495, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1971, pp. 123 - 227.
15. R. A. Yeske and L. D. Roth, "Environmental Effects on Fatigue of Stainless Steel at Very High Frequencies", Ultrasonic Fatigue, Joseph M. Wells et al (ed.), The Metallurgical Society of the AIME, Warrendale, Pa, 1982, pp. 365 - 385.
16. S. Nishijima, "Statistical Fatigue Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels for Machine Structural Use", Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data, R. E. Little and J. C. Ekvall (eds), ASTM Special Technical Publication 744, 1979, pp. 75 - 88.
17. Robert Lipp, "Relating Strength and Hardness of Aluminum Alloys", Machine Design, March 24, 1983, p. 107.
20. John A. Strommen, "A New Look at Metal Fatigue", Machine Design, July 11, 1974, pp. 131.
21. William J. Westerman, "Industry Rediscovers Roller Burnishing", Machine Design, August 25, 1983, pp. 44 - 48.
22. SAE Manual on Shot Peening - SAE J808a, Handbook Supplement HS84, 1967.
23. Paul G. Field and Daniel E. Johnson, "Advanced Concepts of the Process", Shot Peening for Advanced Aerospace Design, SAE SP-528, 1982, pp. 19 - 22.
24. B. Austin Barry, Engineering Measurements, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1964.
25. David Ullman, "Less Fudging on Fudge Factors", Machine Design, October 9, 1986, pp. 107 - 111.
26. Corey Crispell, "New Data on Fastener Fatigue", Machine Design, April 22, 1982, pp. 71 - 74.
27. Richard A. Walker and Gerhard Meyer, "Design Recommendations for Minimizing Fatigue in Bolts", Machine Design, September 15, 1966, pp. 182 - 186.
28. Doug McCormick, "A Guide to Fastening and Joining", Design Engineering Fastening Guide, pp. F5 - F27.
29. RMI Company, "Facts about Titanium: RMI 6Al-4V", Niles, Ohio, 44446.
31. Donulus J. Padberg, "Fretting Resistant Coatings for Titanium Alloys", (Air Force Contract F33615-70-C-1538) Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 2, Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 2475 - 2486.
32. Ryuichiro Ebara, Yoshikazu Yamada, Akira Goto, "Corrosion Fatigue Behaviour of 13Cr Stainless Steel and Ti-6Al-4V at Ultrasonic Frequency", Ultrasonic Fatigue, Joseph M. Wells, Otto Buck, Lewis D. Roth, John K. Tien (eds.), The Metallurgical Society of the AIME, Warrendale, Pa, 1982, pp. 349 - 364.
33. John J. Lucas, "Improvements in the Fatigue Strength of Ti-6Al-4V Forgings", Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 2, Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 2081 - 2095.
34. L. E. Willertz and L. Patterson, "Stress Distributions in Notched Specimens Loaded Statically and Dynamically", Ultrasonic Fatigue, Joseph M. Wells et al (ed.), The Metallurgical Society of the AIME, Warrendale, Pa, 1982, pp. 119 - 133.
35. Paul H. Wirsching and John E. Kempert, "Fatigue Failure in the Real World", Machine Design, August 26, 1976, pp. 86 - 90.
36. Michael M. Woelfel, "Shot Peening -- Control and Measurement", Shot Peening for Advanced Aerospace Design, SP-528, SAE, October, 1982, pp. 15 - 18.
38. p. R. Wedden and F. Laird, "Design and Development Support for Critical Helicopter Applications in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy", Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 1, Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 69 - ?.
39. W. Weibull, Fatigue Testing and Analysis of Results, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961.
41. Norman Zlatin and Michael Field, "Procedures and Precautions in Machining Titanium Alloys", Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 1 (?), Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 489 - 504.
Currently unused references:
--. V. A. Kuz'menko, "Fatigue Strength of Structural Materials at Sonic and Ultrasonic Loading Frequencies", Ultrasonics, January, 1975, pp. 21 - 30.
--. E. T. Bittner, "Alloy Spring Steels", Transactions of the ASM, vol. 40, 1948, pp. 263 - 280.
--. Walter J. Crichlow, "High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Titanium in Aircraft Application", Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 2?, Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 1257 - 1270.
--. A. W. Bowen and C. A. Stubbington, "The Effect of ? + á working on the Fatigue and Tensile Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Bars", Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 2(?), Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 2097 - 2108.
--. Attwell M. Adair, Walter H. Reimann, and Richard F. Klinger, "The Influence of Thermomechanical Processing on the Fatigue Behavior of Extruded Beta III Titanium", Titanium Science and Technology, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte (ed), vol. 2(?), Plenum Press, 1973, pp. 1801 - 1812.
--. L. J. Bartlo , "Effect of Microstructure on the Fatigue Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Bar", Fatigue at High Temperature, ASTM STP 459, 1969, pp. 144 - 154.
--. L. E. Willertz, T. M. Rust, V. p. Swaminathan, "High and Low Frequency Corrosion Fatigue of Some Steam Turbine Blade Alloys", Ultrasonic Fatigue, Joseph M. Wells et al (ed.), The Metallurgical Society of the AIME, Warrendale, Pa, 1982, pp. 333 - 348.
Grosskreutz lists 3 articles about planar and wavy slip materials. (His reference numbers 2, 5, 6.)
R. E. Peterson, Stress Concentration Factors, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1973. According to Ultrasonic Fatigue (p. 125), Peterson says that crack initiation in ductile materials is governed by the von Mises stress concentration factor.
Joseph Marin, Mechanical Behavior of Engineering Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1962. Referenced by Juvinall, p. 318, who says Marin has developed a modified distortion energy theory for anisotropic materials.
From Manson in Metal Fatigue Damage, referenced from figure 34, p. 290 for effect of machining processes on fatigue life of titanium:
Harmsworth, C. L., "Design Criteria and Test Techniques" Air Force Materials Symposium, Report AFML-TR-65-29, AD-463572, Air Force Systems Command, May 1965, pp. 831 - 853.
Rooney, R. J., "The Effect of Various Machining Processes on the Reversed-Bending Fatigue Strength of A-110AT Titanium Alloy Sheet," Report WADC-TR-57-310, AD-142118, Wright Air Development Center, Nov. 1957.
Carl C. Osgood, Fatigue Design, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1970. --> correct date? Heywood, Designing Against Fatigue of Metals -- I have this book? ISBN? Need ISBN -40. N. E. Frost, K. J. Marsh, L. p. Pook, Metal Fatigue, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974.
Which is preferred - Endurance limit or fatigue limit? Campbell - "the fatigue strength (also referred to as the endurance limit) is the stress below which failure does not occur." p. 244 "This does not necessarily mean it is wise to use as high a strength steel as possible to maximize fatigue life because, as the tensile strength increases, the fracture toughness decreases and the environmental sensitivity increases. The endurance limit of high-strength steels is extremely sensitive to surface condition, residual-stress state, and the presence of inclusions that act as stress concentrations." p. 245 hosseini1 - Interesting refs - [2] Shabnam Hosseini, M.B.Limooei, "Investigation of fatigue behavior and notch sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V", Applied Mechanics and Materials, 80-81, 7, 2001. [4] Shabnam Hosseini, H. Arabi, M. Tamizifar and A. Zeyaei, "Effect of tensile strength on behavior and notch sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V", Iranian journal of materials science and engineering, Vol.3, Winter & Spring 2006, PP.12-16. [15] R.J.Morrissey, D.L.McDowell, T.Nicholas, "Frequency and stress ratio effects in high cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V", International of Fatigue, 21,1999, 679-685. [17] ASM Metals Handbook, "Fatigue and Fracture", 1996. [18] D.B.Lanning, G.K.Haritos, T.Nicholas, "Influence of Stress State in HCF of Notched Ti- 6Al-4V Specimens", Int.J.of Fatige, Vol.21, 1999, S87-S95. [21] G.K. Haritos, T. Nicholas, D.B. Lanning, "Notch Size Effect in HCF Behaviour of Ti-6Al- 4V", Int. J. of Fatigue, 21, 1999, PP. 643-652. [22] Shabnam Hosseini, "Effect of Mechanical Parameter on Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V", Master of Science Theseis, Fall 2002. Biocompatible ti's - These first generation orthopedic alloys included Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe. (p. 76) second generation titanium orthopedic alloys including Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe (TMFZ), Ti-15MO-5Zr-3Al, Ti-15Mo-3Nb-3O, Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd and Ti-15Sn-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloys, as well as the completely biocompatible Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy [6] (p. 77) Titanium alloys may be classified as either ŕ, near-ŕ, ŕ+beta, metastable beta or stable beta depending upon their room temperature microstructure. IN this regard alloying elements for titanium fall into three categories: ŕ-stabilizers, such as Al, O, N, C, beta-stabilizer such as Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, W, Cr, Si, Ni, Co, Mn, H and neutral, such as Zr. ? and near-ŕ titanium alloys exhibit superior corrosion resistance with their utility as biomedical materials being principally limited by their low ambient temperature strength. In contrast, ŕ+beta alloys exhibit higher strength due to the presence of both ŕ and beta phases. Their properties depend upon composition, the relative proportions of the ŕ/beta phases, and the alloy's prior thermal treatment and thermo-mechanical processing conditions. beta alloys(metastable or stable) are titanium alloys with high strength, good formability and high hardenability. beta alloys also offer the unique possibility of combined low elastic modulus and superior corrosion resistance[8]. (p. 78) The S/N approach has been used in a simulated body fluid environment with electrochemical and fretting devices incorporated. The combined mechanical and chemical processes play a vital role in crack initiation. The inability to repassivate quickly causes the electrochemical breakdown of the surface layers. (p. 82) Ti-6Al-4V is generally considered as a standard material when evaluating the fatigue resistance of new orthopedic titanium alloys. The mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is, however, extremely sensitive to prior thermo-mechanical processing history, e.g., prior beta grain size, the ratio of primary ŕ to transformed beta, the ŕ grain size and the ŕ/beta morphologies, all impacting performance, particularly high-cycle fatigue lifetime (HCF). (p. 83) The alpha phase tends to control the mechanical properties of this alloy when used at low temperature. In addition to alpha grain size, the fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V components is influenced by the amount of age hardening, oxygen content, and grain morphology [17]. High cycle fatigue tests performed on Ti-6Al- 4V showed that by decreasing alpha grain size, fatigue properties of both smooth and notched (Kt=1.8) specimens, can be improved [18]. (p. 84) Get more info on freq effects. Scan Neppiras[2]; upload if allowed. (Static compressive stresses have no effect on fatigue.) --> true? 6/Dec/2017 23:23 40k ti SN tests - analyze failure locations wrt node (highest stress) 4/Dec/2017 16:08 In slotted bar horns, slots typically crack at the slot-radius transition. Can slot stress be reduced - With a keyhole slot? - By applying a compressive stress to the slot hole (see Campbell1, p. 260+) before adding the slot? (Theoretically, how does slot stress Kt (CARD says 2.4) compare to hole stress (3.0)?) What happens to the compressive stress after the slot is machined? Corrosive environment Milk carton sealing - what liquid was equip sprayed with? Steel parts subjected to wear conditions are often carburized or nitrided to harden the surface for greater wear resistance. Since both of these processes also introduce residual compressive stresses on the surface, there is an improvement in fatigue life. The greatest improvement occurs where a high stress gradient occurs, as in bending or torsion, with less improvement in axial loading. (Campbell1, p. 261) 6/May/2021 21:49 "In high-cycle fatigue applications, crack initiation in ductile materials is governed by the von Mises stess concentration factor. (6,11)" Willertz in Ultrasonic Fatigue, "Stress Distribution in Notched Specimens Loaded Statically and Dynamically", p. 125