Revisions

The following are significant revisions. Minor rewrites are not included. (For a particular page, the most recent revision date can be found at the bottom right of that page's footer.)

• 2018-05-06 — 2018-05-12
  1. Joints — first iteration


• 2018-04-29 — 2018-05-05
  1. Cavitation erosion—
     1. Revised Table C1.
     2. Added information about the axes of Figure B1.
     3. Added cavitation data from Hielscher.


• 2018-04-15 — 2018-04-21
  1. Added the following glossary terms —
     1. Fretting
     2. Head mass
     3. Mylar washer
     4. Spanner wrench
     5. Tail mass


• 2018-04-08 — 2018-04-14
  1. Transducer design —
     1. Added table "Maximum recommended ceramic temperature".


• 2018-04-01 — 2018-04-07
  1. Threads and threaded fasteners — Added Thread failures in steel horns.


• 2018-03-25 — 2018-03-31
  1. Titanium  — Added a figure that shows the effect of frequency on internal friction Q^-1.


• 2018-01-07 — 2018-01-13
  1. Titanium  —
     1. Added a table that shows the chemical composition of Ti-6Al-4V.
     2. Figure 2 (Ti-6Al-4V: Effect of raw stock diameter on Young's modulus) — added additional data and recalibrated the regression equation.
     3. Figure 3 (Effect of raw stock diameter on thin-wire wave speed) — recalibrated the regression equation based on added data from figure 2.
     4. The discussion of Ti-7Al-4Mo has been expanded.
  2. Composite horns —
     1. Expanded topic Design guidelines.


• 2017-11-12 — 2017-11-18
  1. Steel —
     1. Expanded topic CPM^® tool steel.
  2. Materials — Added niobium to the table.
  3. Titanium  — Added a figure that compares machinability of Ti-6Al-4V to various tool steels.


• 2017-11-05 — 2017-11-11
  1. Threaded fasteners —
     1. Expanded topic Bottomed versus unbottomed studs.
     2. Added table "Bottomed studs — torques".
     3. Added topic Anti-rotation means.
  2. Steel —
     1. Added tables "Tool steel machinability rating" and "Shock resistance comparison chart".
  3. Titanium  —
     1. Added Wuchinich data to topic Poisson's ratio.
     2. Expanded topic Ti-7Al-4Mo.


• 2017-10-29 — 2017-11-04
  1. Threaded fasteners —
     1. Added topic Cold-forming taps.
     2. Added topic Bottomed versus unbottomed studs.
     3. Added topic Cold-forming taps.
  2. Steel — added suggested heat treatment for Vertex.
  3. Added the following glossary items —
     1. Socket head cap screw
     2. Socket set screw
     3. Anisotropic material


• 2017-10-22 — 2017-10-28
  1. Steel
     1. Added topic Effect of grain size.
     2. Added topic Threads.
  2. Transducer design — continued preliminary release
     1. Added stainless steel to topic Electrodes.
     2. Added table "Effect of soft metal shims on transducer performance".
  3. Added topic Threaded fasteners.


• 2017-10-15 — 2017-10-21
  1. Added topic Steel.


• 2017-10-08 — 2017-10-14
  1. Added topic Isolation mounts.
  2. Titanium — added lists of figures and tables.


• 2017-10-01 — 2017-10-07
  1. Transducer design — continued preliminary release
     1. Expanded topic Electrical losses.
     2. Added topic Housing.
     3. Added figure "Cleaning transducer with conical back driver".
     4. Added list of tables.


• 2017-09-24 — 2017-09-30
  1. Transducer design — continued preliminary release
     1. In topic Compatible coefficient of thermal expansion, added figure "Transducer with Belleville springs" and associated discussion.
     2. Added topic Mechanical fits.
     3. Added topic Loss tests with subtopics Electrical losses and Mechanical losses.
     4. Added topic Number of ceramics.
     5. Topic Placement\Power considerations now includes the effect of the transducer's mechanical Q.


• 2017-09-17 — 2017-09-23
  1. Transducer design — seventh preliminary release (v. 7d)
     1. "Table 5. Front driver materials" has been rearranged.
     2. Expanded topic Multi-material front driver.


• 2017-09-03 — 2017-09-09
  1. Transducer design — seventh preliminary release (v. 7c)
     1. Added list of figures.
     2. Added topic Multi-material front driver.
     3. Expanded topic Prestress pressure uniformity and added a graph.
     4. Revised Appendix H: Effect of stack bolt on electromechanical coupling coefficient κ.


• 2016-06-26 — 2016-07-02
  1. Added Modal interaction.


• 2016-06-19 — 2016-06-25
  1. Added Mechanical—Electrical analogs.


• 2016-06-05 — 2016-06-11
  1. Contact emails are now active.


• 2016-05-22 — 2016-05-28
  1. Expanded discussion of Prismatic horns.


• 2016-05-15 — 2016-05-21
  1. Expanded definition of Q.


• 2016-05-08 — 2016-05-14
  1. Expanded definition Mori equation.
  2. Expanded definition Rayleigh equation.


• 2016-05-01 — 2016-05-07
  1. Transducer design — sixth preliminary release (v. 6a)
     1. Added animations showing the relative transducer amplitudes and von Mises stresses.
     2. Topic Loss — added information about voltages across individual ceramics.
     3. Expanded topic Individual ceramic thickness.
     4. Topic Electrical loading — added figure for transducer test arrangement.
     5. Appendix A: Comparison of 33 and 31 ceramic operation — added tables.
     6. Added Appendix B: Manufacturer's piezoelectric cross-reference.
     7. Appendix G — added compressed gas analogy for Young's modulus.
  2. Log decrement definition — corrected an error in equation 4 (replaced "\( n \)" with "\( \pi \)").
  3. Added definition Damping ratio.


• 2016-04-17 — 2016-04-23
  1. Added definition PZT.
  2. Updated definition Piezoelectric ceramic.


• 2016-04-10 — 2016-04-16
  1. Transducer design — fifth preliminary release (v. 5a)


• 2016-04-03 — 2016-04-09
  1. Added information for Tips (replaceable).


• 2016-03-27 — 2016-04-02
  1. Separate pages for Contents and Glossary.
  2. Added definition Bandwidth.
  3. Added definition Pochhammer equation.
  4. Corrected equation error in definition Dilitational wave speed.


• 2016-03-20 — 2016-03-26
  1. Added design for Shear-mode horn.
  2. Added Cavitation.


• 2016-03-06 — 2016-03-12
  1. Added images for Spool horn, Spool horn (standard), Spool horn (full), Bell horn, Prismatic.


• 2016-02-14 — 2016-02-20
  1. Added Cavitation erosion.


• 2016-02-07 — 2016-02-13
  1. Added Prismatic horns.


• 2016-01-31 — 2016-02-06
  1. Added Composite horns.
  2. Added Gain (preliminary).


• 2016-01-24 — 2016-01-30
  1. Abbreviations & symbols — added units.
  2. Uniformity & Asymmetry Calculations — added additional information with clarification.
  3. Added the following definitions:
     1. Dielectric constant
     2. Edge effect
     3. Symmetric resonance


• 2016-01-17 — 2016-01-23
  1. Added the following definitions:
     1. Langevin transducer
     2. Mass-loaded transducer


• 2015-11-29 — 2015-12-05
  1. Added the following definitions:
     1. Permittivity ε


• 2015-11-22 — 2015-11-28
  1. Added the following definitions:
  1. Electromechanical coupling coefficient к
  2. Piezoelectric capacitance — blocked
  3. Piezoelectric capacitance — clamped
  4. Piezoelectric capacitance — free
  5. Piezoelectric effect
  6. Piezoelectric direct effect
  7. Piezoelectric inverse effect
  8. Piezoelectric properties
  9. Piezoelectric charge constant d
  10. Piezoelectric voltage constant g
  11. Poling
  12. Relative dielectric constant K
  13. Transducer components


• 2015-11-15 — 2015-11-21
  1. Transducer design - third preliminary release (v. 3a)
  2. References
     1. Added table of contents.
     2. Added internal links (pdf) to all referenced U.S. patents.


• 2015-10-18 — 2015-10-24
  1. Transducer design - second preliminary release (v. 1b)


• 2015-10-11 — 2015-10-17
  1. Added Meyer (1) wave image to several glossary wave terms.


• 2015-09-06 — 2015-09-12
  1. Titanium. Added figure C2 (Branson Ultrasonics metal welding horn).


• 2015-08-23 — 2015-08-28
  1. Transducer design - first preliminary release (v. 1a)


• 2015-08-09 — 2015-08-15
  1. References. Added external patent links.


• 2015-06-28 — 2015-07-04
  1. Transducer. Added image showing transducer components.
  2. Notes: added Finite element analysis (FEA) color bar.
  3. Added the following definitions:
     1. Acoustic intensity
     2. Loss tangent


• 2015-06-21 — 2015-06-27
  1. Titanium. Added sintered Ti-6Al-4V to appendix E.
  2. Washer stud. Added reference to Scotto patent.
  3. Added the following definitions —
     1. Transducer (converter) with image
     2. Center bolt design
     3. Center stud design
     4. Peripheral bolt design
     5. Front driver (front mass)
     6. Back driver (rear driver, rear mass)
     7. Stack bolt
     8. Electrode
     9. Electrode tab
     10. Piezoelectric ceramic prestress
     11. Contour
  4. Flatted-cylindrical horn. Added image.


• 2015-06-14 — 2015-06-20
  1. Notes: added Finite element analysis (FEA) colors.
  2. Uniformity: split into two pages —
     1. Uniformity - Basic Concepts. Added section Cause of nonuniformity which includes a comparison of various materials, with images (some animated).
     2. Uniformity - Calculation


• 2015-06-07 — 2015-06-13
  1. Washer stud: added definition.


• 2015-05-31 — 2015-06-06
  1. Tapered slot: added machining dimensions and image.
  2. Aluminum: preliminary release.
  3. Titanium
     1. Added graphs 5a and 5b (Young's modulus data scatter for Ø7.9 mm and Ø12.7 mm rod stock, respectively).
     2. Added information about cross rolling.
     3. Added Appendix C - Titanium with Low Young's Modulus


• 2015-05-25 — 2015-05-30
  1. Preliminary release.
  2. Titanium
     1. Added additional information from Boyer about STA material (appendix C).
     2. Added a list of titanium alloys for medical use (appendix D).